Pneumonia often starts with symptoms that resemble a cold or flu, but it can quickly become serious – even life-threatening if left untreated. Recognizing the warning signs early can make all the difference in your recovery. Let’s dive into what you need to know about this common but potentially dangerous respiratory infection.
Understanding Pneumonia and Its Causes
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation ofthe air sacs in one or both lungs, causing them to fill with fluid. This makes breathing difficult and reduces oxygen intake, sometimes leading to severe complications. In the Philippines and globally, pneumonia remains a significant health concern, especially during rainy seasons when respiratory infections tend to spike [1].
What is Pneumonia and Who is at Risk?
Pneumonia affects the lung tissue directly, causing inflammation and fluid accumulation. While anyone can develop pneumonia, certain groups face higher risks. These include children under 5, adults over 65, smokers, and people with chronic diseases or weakened immune systems [2]. In fact, pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide, with the Philippines reporting a significant number of cases annually [3].
Different types of pneumonia exist, including hospital-acquired pneumonia, and walking pneumonia (the most common), – a milder form that doesn’t typically require bed rest [4].
Common Pathogens Responsible for Pneumonia
Pneumonia can be caused by various pathogens. Bacterial pneumonia, often from Streptococcus pneumoniae, tends to come on suddenly with high fever and rapid breathing. Viral pneumonia, including that caused by influenza and COVID-19, typically develops more gradually [5]. Fungal pneumonia is less common but can affect people with compromised immune systems. Aspiration pneumonia occurs when food, liquid, or vomit is inhaled into the lungs, which is a particular risk for older adults or those with swallowing difficulties [6].
Recognizing the Common Symptoms of Pneumonia
The classic symptoms of pneumonia can vary in severity depending on several factors, including your age, overall health, and the specific cause of the infection. Knowing what to look for can help you seek timely medical attention.
Typical Respiratory Symptoms
Most people with pneumonia experience some degree of respiratory distress. You might notice a persistent cough that produces yellow, green, or even bloody mucus. Shortness of breath – especially during physical activity or while resting – is another key warning sign [7]. Many patients also report chest pain that worsens when breathing deeply or coughing. This pain, sometimes described as sharp or stabbing, occurs because the pleura (tissues surrounding the lungs) become inflamed [8].
Systemic Symptoms Associated with Pneumonia
Beyond respiratory issues, pneumonia often causes whole-body symptoms. High fever (often exceeding 38°C or 100.4°F), accompanied by sweating and shaking chills, is common [9]. Extreme fatigue and weakness can make even simple tasks difficult. Some patients describe a feeling of being completely drained of energy that persists for weeks. Headaches and muscle pain frequently accompany pneumonia as your body fights the infection [10].
Exploring Less Common Symptoms of Pneumonia
While coughing and fever might alert most people to seek medical attention, pneumonia can manifest in unexpected ways, particularly in certain age groups or with atypical forms of the infection.
Mental Awareness and Confusion in Older Adults
In adults over 65, pneumonia might not present with the typical fever and cough. Instead, altered mental status, confusion in older adults, or delirium might be the first noticeable symptoms [11]. If an elderly family member suddenly seems disoriented or unusually sleepy, pneumonia should be considered as a possible cause – especially during cold and flu season or if they’ve recently been ill [12].
Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Pneumonia
Surprisingly, pneumonia can sometimes present with digestive symptoms. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and decreased appetite aren’t directly caused by lung infection but can occur as your body responds to the infection [13]. These symptoms are more common in children and can sometimes lead to delayed diagnosis if respiratory symptoms are mild or absent.
When to Seek Medical Attention for Pneumonia Symptoms
Don’t wait to see a doctor if you’re experiencing difficulty breathing, persistent high fever, confusion, or chest pain. For children, signs like rapid breathing, wheezing, grunting, or blue discoloration around the lips or face warrant immediate medical care [14]. Remember that pneumonia can progress rapidly, especially in vulnerable populations, and early treatment leads to better outcomes [15].
